Sea-level trend variability in the Mediterranean during the 1993–2019 period

Sea-level change is one of the most concerning climate and global warming consequences, especially impacting coastal societies environments. The spatial temporal variability sea level neither linear nor globally uniform, in semi-enclosed basins such as Mediterranean Sea, which considered a hot spot regarding expected impacts related to change. This study investigates sea-level trends their over Sea from 1993 2019. We use gridded anomaly products satellite altimetry for total observed level, whereas ocean temperature salinity profiles reanalysis were used compute thermosteric halosteric effects, respectively, steric component level. perform statistical point detection assess significance each trend provides clear indication non-steric effects dominant drivers entire period at scale, except Levantine Aegean sub-basins, where explains majority trend. main changes are detected around 1997, 2006, 2010, 2016, associated with Northern Ionian Gyre reversal episodes, changed thermohaline properties water mass redistribution sub-basins.